ATTENTION PLEASE!!!!

TO MY DEAR GROUP MEMBERS

OUR NEXT MEETING WILL BE HELD ON :

Day : 6 Oct 09 (Tuesday)
Time : 2.30 pm
Venue : Library
Activities : Discuss about compose fertilizer presentation

p/s: Bring along your notebook

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Soil Formation

Soil formation,pedogenesis or , is the combined effect of physical, chemical, biological, and anthropogenic processes on soil parent material. Soil genesis involves processes that develop layers or horizons in the soil profile. These processes involve additions, losses, transformations and translocation of material that compose the soil. Minerals derived from weathered rocks undergo changes that cause the formation of secondary minerals and other compounds that are variably soluble in water, these constitutes are moved (translocated) from one area of the soil to other areas by water and animal activity. The alteration and movement of materials within soil causes the formation of distinctive soil horizons. The weathering of bedrock produces the parent material from which soils form. An example of soil development from bare rock occurs on recent lava flows in warm regions under heavy and very frequent rainfall. In such climates, plants become established very quickly on basaltic lava, even though there is very little organic material. The plants are supported by the porous rock becoming filled with nutrient bearing water, for example carrying dissolved bird droppings or guano. The developing plant roots, themselves or associated with mycorrhizal fungi,gradually break up the porous lava, and organic matter soon accumulates. But even before it does, the predominantly porous broken lava in which the plant roots grow can be considered a soil. How the soil "life" cycle proceeds is influenced by at least five classic soil forming factors that are dynamically intertwined in shaping the way soil is developed, they include: parent material, regional climate, topography, biotic potential and the passage of time.

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I WAS DREAMING!!!

It Was Beautiful
It was Green and Clean.
The smell of Fresh Air
The sound of the river flowing
I love everything happening there.
I pinched myself to see if it was real.
That was when I realized I was dreaming.
Couldn't it be real!

Now all wasted.
The color is just awful.
The smell of pollution is killing me
The sound of traffic is giving me a headache.
I wanted my perfect dream to come through.
But again, I was dreaming!
I Was Dreaming!!

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GROUNDWATER

-Groundwater is water located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of lithologic formations.

-A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table.

-Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface naturally; natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands.

-Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells.

-The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.

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LITHOSPHERE

What is it basically?

1. The solid shell of a rocky planet called earth. That means the crust and the upper part of the mantle which is joined to the crust.
2. Approximately 100 km (62 mi.) thick.
3. Under the lithosphere there is the asthenosphere, the weaker, hotter, and deeper part of the upper mantle.

Earth's crust : Lithosphere

Types of lithosphere.

1. Oceanic lithosphere, which is associated with Oceanic crust:

• Typically about 50-100 km thick (but beneath the mid-ocean ridges is no thicker than the crust).
  
• Consists mainly of mafic crust and ultramafic mantle and is denser than continental lithosphere, for which the mantle is associated with crust made of felsic rocks.
  
• Thickens as it ages and moves away from the mid-ocean ridge.
  
• Constantly being produced at mid-ocean ridges and is recycled back to the mantle at subduction zones.
  
• Much younger than continental lithosphere: the oldest oceanic lithosphere is about 170 million years old, while parts of the continental lithosphere are billions of years old.
  

2. Continental lithosphere, which is associated with Continental crust:

• Is thicker (about 150 km).
• It consists of about 50 km of crust and 100 km or more of uppermost mantle.
  
• The layer of granitic, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks which form the continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves.
  
• Also less dense than oceanic crust, though it is considerably thicker; mostly 35 to 40 km versus the average oceanic thickness of around 7-10 km. About 40% of the Earth's surface is now underlain by continental crust.
  

How about Chemical lithosphere?

Defined as a chemical boundary layer between the surface of the Earth and the asthenosphere that cools by conduction and contains both the material differentiated or extracted from the mantle (for example, oceanic and continental crust) and mantle material modified by various degrees of depletion.

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How will your responsibility help our earth?

You can make a difference to youth, wildlife, and our environment!

1. You will inspire and help educate youth.


2. You will help build future conservation leaders.


3. You will help at-risk and disadvantaged youth.


4. You will help protect wildlife and wild land for future generations.


5. You will help stop global warming.

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